Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes (juvenile diabetes):

An insulin is an hormone that breaks down sugar in your blood so that it can be used throughout your body. A person having type 1 diabetes can be diagnosed early during childhood. Type 1 diabetes occur when our body is not producing insulin enough an it is also termed as juvenile diabetes.

Diabetes type 1 is a condition which is not effective or treated by a medicine or we can say that there is no effective treatment available. People after being diagnosed by type 1 diabetes adopt certain lifestyle habits to manage the disease, use insulin to maintain their blood sugar level, keep tract of their blood sugar with the help of glucometer and manage their blood sugar levels effectively prevent diabetic.

Some monogenic diabetes can be managed with oral diabetes medications or pills while others necessitate insulin injections. Having a good diagnosis allows for effective treatment and can improve glucose control and long-term health.

Type 2 diabetes:

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, and have a strong linked to obesity. Type 2 diabetes are mainly cause when pancrease is not producing enough insulin or a hormone that regulate the flow of glucose into cells, the cells are not responding well to insulin and consuming less sugar. 

In type 2 diabetes medications, exercise, life modifications, healthy diet help in controlling the condition or a patient may requires insulin.

Gestational Diabetes:

Gestational diabetes occurs when your body can not make enough insulin during pregnancy. Gestational Diabetes mellitus also known as pregnancy hyperglycemia, it is a type of diabetes that is first diagnosed during pregnancy. Hyperglycemia can happen at any time during pregnancy, and most common in women in their second and third trimesters. 

At the time of pregnancy, the body produces more hormones and undergoes changes. As a result, body cells use insulin less efficiently, a condition termed as insulin resistance, those women who develop resistance of insulin at the beginning of their pregnancy have increased insulin requirements and are more prone to gestational diabetes. 

Decreased insulin sensitivity--------In gestational diabetes-------beta cells will not meet the requirements of pregnancy-------combined with decreased insulin sensitivity--------give rise to your blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia).

Other types of diabetes:

Monogenic diabetes:

Monogenic diabetes is a rare form of diabetes that is caused by a mutation of a single gene. Monogenic diabetes inherits the mutation of gene from either one or both parents. Most of the time, the mutation that causes monogenic diabetes reduces the body ability to make insulin.

Some monogenic diabetes can be managed with oral diabetes medications or pills while others necessitate insulin injections. Having a good diagnosis allows for effective treatment and can improve glucose control and long-term health.

Type 3C diabetes:

Type 3C or pancreatogenic diabetes can develop when your pancreas stops making insulin, the hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in your blood. Insulin  helps your body produce energy by controlling the amount of glucose in your blood. Without insulin, too much glucose builds up in your blood instead of reaching your cells. High blood sugar over time can cause damage to many organs and tissues in your body. 

This can lead to primary disease developing in the exocrine part of your pancreas before you develop diabetes, this can happen due to damage of pancreas that is followed by remove the organ, injury or illness, like pancreatitis.

Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes:

Cystic fibrosis can lead to type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Although from which type 1 diabetes is most common as compare to the type 2 diabetes which is not as common. Cystic fibrosis diabetes has many of the same characteristics as type 1 diabetes, but there are some differences in how it is diagnosed and treated.

As people having cystic fibrosis develop this type of diabetes it is better to understand cystic fibrosis first:

What is cystic fibrosis?

Cystic fibrosis is a disease caused by a defective copy of CFTR (CF trans-membrane conductance regulator). CFTR gene tells your body how to make a protein called CFTR. It is a protein that acts as a channel across your cell membrane cause chloride ions which are negatively charged to enter and leave the cell. chloride ions help regulating the flow of water through tissues and are eesential for the formation of thin, free flowing mucus This is important because your cells produce mucus, sweat, saliva and tears and digestive enzymes that help in their lubrication.. 

CFTR also controls the other activity of channels. these channels carry sodium ions across your cell membrane, which is positively charged particles. These channels are essentials for the normal functioning  of your lungs and pancreas and other organs.

What is cystic fibrosis type 2 diabetes?

In cystic fibrosis condition CFTR get defected causes sticky mucus to build up in the pancreas, causing inflammation and scarring. This damages the cells that make insulin, Since the pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin, high blood sugar levels may persist. this is called cystic fibrosis type 2 diabetes. 

CFTR over-expression in the endocrine pancreas--------development of CFRD------blocked pancreatic ducts-------- decreased blood flow to the pancreatic tissue--------resulting in ischaemic events and death of beta-cells.

.CFTR= CF trans-membrane conductance regulator

.CFRD= Cystic fibrosis related diabetes