What's dosage form?
A form in which active drug is administered into the body so it can exert desired pharmacological action inside the body is called dosage form. There are many different dosage forms among which tablet is most commonly available and widely used, as it is highly convenient and acceptable with low cost of production as compare to others.
What is solid dosage form (Tablet)?
The most popular dosage form is tablet may be oval or spherical in shape, coated or uncoated. Administered via oral route of administration contains medicaments (active drug) and/or excipients (coloring agent, flavoring agent). Have good physiochemical stability but have low bioavailability due to first pass effect (liver metabolism).
Classification of Tablet Dosage Form:
Solid dosage form (tablet) are are classified on the basis of dissolution or disintegration methods of manufacturing, intended use, and special characteristics, are as follows:
Based on methods of Manufacturing:
Compressed dosage form of Tablet:
Compressed dosage form are mostly prepared by compression although some are also molded. Once powder flows into the die heavy duty punch machines use high pressure (~tons/in2) to compress powdered or granular materials into a compact tablets.
In addition to the pharmaceutical agents, crushed pills typically have a number of
pharmaceutical excipients include the following: Diluents, binders, disintegrants, glidants, lubricants.
Film Coated Tablet solid dosage form:
Film coating is a technologically driven process, and the growth of coated dosage forms. This method used to create a thin, skin-tight coating of a plastic-like material over a compressed tablet. Coating is thin enough to reveal any identifying monograms embossed during compression and is more resistant to abrasion than sugar-coated tablets.
Film-coating solutions can be non-aqueous or aqueous, and can include a film former, an alloying substance, a plasticizer, a surfactant, opaquant and colorants, sweeteners, flavors, aromas, a glossant, and a volatile solvent. The film is applied or sprayed on the tablets, allowing it to adhere quickly. Aqueous solutions are preferred by pharmaceutical manufacturers due to their cost and environmental concerns.
Enteric Coated Tablet:
Enteric-coated tablets offer delayed release capabilities. They are intended to travel unmodified from the stomach to the intestines.
Tablets dissolve, allowing for medication dissolution, absorption, and action. Enteric coatings are used for drugs that are degraded by gastric acid, cause irritation to the gastric mucosa, or improve drug absorption via bypassing the stomach. Examples are ecotrin pills and capsules.
These are solid dosage forms that bypass the stomach and deliver medications to the small intestine for oral delivery. EC pills prevent medications from being released before they reach the small intestine. The materials employed are CAP, CAT, PVAP, HPMCP, fatty acids, waxes, shellac, polymers, and plant fibers. These tablets have gained popularity due to their benefits over traditional drug delivery methods, such as longer dose intervals and increased patient compliance.
Controlled Release Tablet:
The purpose of extended-release (also known as controlled-release) tablets is to release the drug in a predefined way over a prolonged period of time.
Extended release dosage form is typically exceedingly challenging to design a sustained-release product due to the interaction of the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the medication, the condition of the patient's illness, and technical constraints in the production of the finished dosage form. Some of these points will be more or less significant depending on the medicine, disease state, route of administration, and other circumstances; nonetheless, all of these factors need to be taken into account before a final decision is made regarding the dosage form that is Release Rate and Dose Concentrations, Drug Properties Considerations.
Molded Tablet:
Molded pills are made by drying and molding wet powder under low pressure, using water-soluble polymers as binders. It dissolve quickly in the mouth without coatings, lubricants, or disintegrants. These tablets are prepared on a small laboratory scale using a mold made of hard rubber, plastic, or metal. The mold has two parts: the upper part (die portion) and the lower part (punches). The base for molded tablets is a mixture of finely powdered lactose with or without powdered sucrose. The drug is mixed with the base by geometric dilution, and the powder is dampened with water and alcohol. The mold is fitted on the punch portion and pressed down, leaving the tablets raised on pegs to dry.
Based on intended use of solid dosage form:
Sublingual Tablet:
Sublingual tablet should be positioned behind the tongue to have an instantaneous systemic impact by facilitating the medication that is immediately absorbed by the tongue's mucosal lining in the mouth. Typically, the tablets are flat, tiny, and only slightly crushed to maintain their softness. For the medications to be swiftly absorbed, the pill needs to disintegrate quickly. It's meant to dissolve in a tiny amount of saliva.
Sublingual, which translates literally as "under the tongue," describes a technique for giving drugs orally such that they are quickly absorbed through the blood vessels beneath the tongue as opposed to the digestive tract.
Buccal Tablet:
The buccal pills medicines are meant to be dissolved in a buccal pouch. As, Tablets are not designed to disintegrate. So to dissolve the tablet, place it near the opening of the parotid duct. These pills are commonly used for hormone replacement therapy. Long-Acting Buccal tablets use either viscous natural or synthetic gums to generate a hydrated surface layer. Buccal medication slowly diffuses and is absorbed through the buccal mucosa. Mucoadhesive polymers, including PANA and carbopol 934, are employed.
Effervescent Tablet:
Effervescent pills shatter when they come into touch with liquid, typically water or juice. Making the tablet dissolve into a solution. Effervescent pills dissolve thoroughly and uniformly, eventually preventing localized concentrations of the chemicals.
This leads to improved flavor, reduced discomfort, and increased tolerance for the components. Effervescence is made up of a soluble organic acid and an alkali metal carbonate salt, one of which is often the API. Carbon dioxide is produced when this mixture comes into contact with water.
ET have excellent stomach and intestinal tolerance. Examples are Alka-Seltzer Original tablets (Bayer Consumer Care) and Zantac EFFERdose (GlaxoSmithKline).
Chewable Tablet:
Chewable pills have a creamy basis and dissolve quickly in the tongue. They are used to youngsters with difficulties swallowing and adults who detest swallowing.
Typically made from flavored and colored mannitol. Though these tablets are ideal for administering large tablets to children and people with trouble swallowing solid dosage forms. Examples are J&J Merck's Pepcid AC chewable pills and Pfizer Consumer Healthcare's Rolaids chewable tablets.
Orally Disintegrating solid dosage form:
Mouth dissolving tablets are solid dose forms that contain therapeutic ingredients. The manufacturing technique has a crucial role in the performance of ODTs, with the most important feature being the ability to swiftly dissolving in saliva eliminates the requirement for water intake when applied under the tongue, this substance quickly dissolves within seconds. The Dissolving Tablet has a pleasant mouthfeel and does not require water to swallow. MDT dissolves quickly in saliva, often within 15 seconds to 3 minutes. True fast-dissolving MDT pills dissolve quickly in saliva, taking only a few seconds. Fast-disintegrating tablets contain chemicals that speed up tablet disintegration in the oral cavity, taking approximately one minute to fully dissolve. ODTs have good hardness, easy to administer, and serve as a first choice of dosage form in pediatrics, geriatrics patients.
Based on Special Characteristics:
A matrix tablet is created when an active medicine is evenly disseminated (embedded) in an inert substance. Matrix materials are typically swellable hydrophilic or non-swellable hydrophobic polymers. Diffusion, penetration, and dissolution are examples of material qualities that influence medication release rates. To be released, the medication must first be dissolved.
Hydrophilic matrices tablet
The drug component is mixed and formed into granules with an excipient material that gradually dissolves in body fluids, releasing the medication for absorption. When these granules are coupled with drug granules manufactured without the excipient, the uncombined granules give immediate effect, while the drug-excipient granules provide longer-term action. The granular mix can be prepared as tablets or capsules for oral delivery.
Hydrophobic matrices tablet
Hydrophobic matrix materials are water-insoluble large molecular weight polymers used to make sustained release dosage forms. Examples of hydrophobic matrix formers are
Polyethylene
Polyvinyl Chloride
Ethyl-cellulose and acrylic copolymers.
Sustained drug release occurs as a result of swelling and diffusion through a network of channels between compressed polymer particles. The rate-controlling step in these formulations is the speed with which liquid enters the matrix.
layered oral solid dosage form:
The layered tablet is made up of one or more APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) and excipients that are cast in two or more layers to provide a single unit dosage form.
The desirable qualities for a multilayer tablet include sufficient mechanical strength, improved chemical and physical stability, and no layer contact. Layered tablets improve patient compliance by reducing the dose load. Layers of the tablet can give various release kinetics of the same or other pharmaceuticals with the same or different physicochemical features and demonstrate diverse release control systems.
References:
1. Ansel's Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Tenth edition by Loyd V. Allen, Jr, PhD, Howard C. Ansel, PhD.
2. A Novel Oral Solid Dosage Form Muthukumar Subramanian, Chellam Sankar, Gayathri Rajaram and Vinesha Ravi (layered tablet).
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